Ovulation Induction in In-Vitro Fertilization
by Mohamed Nabil El Tabbakh, MD, OBGYN.net Egypt Representative

Mohamed Nabil El Tabbakh, MD
Ovulation Induction in In-Vitro Fertilization
http://www.obgyn.net/infertility/articles/ovulation_induction.htm
2001

References:

1) Editor G and Ory S. J, (1989): Recent advances in reproductive technology. Clinical Obst. Gynecol. Vol. 32, No. 3, P. 519.

2) Edwards R. G, Steptoe P.C, and Purdy J. M, (1980) : Establishing full term human pregnancies using cleaving embryos grown In Vitro. Br. J. Obst. Gynecol. 87: 373.

3) Steptoe P. C, and Edwards R. G, (1976): Reimplantation of a human embryo with subsequent tubal pregnancy. Lancet 1:880.

4) Yee B and Vargyas J. M, (1986): Multiple follicle development utilizing combination of clomiphene citrate and Human Menopausal Gonadotropins. Clinical Obst. Gynecol. Vol. 29, No. I, P. 141 - 147.

5) Quigley M. M, (1984): The use of ovulation inducing agents in in vitro fertilization. Clinical Obst. Gynecol. Vol. 27, No. 4. P. 983 - 992.

6) Trounson O. A, Leeton J. F., Wood C, Webb J., and Wood J. (1981): Pregnancies in humans by fertilization in vitro and embryo transfer in the controlled ovulatory cycle. Science 212:681.

7) Johnston I., Lopata A., Speris. A., et al (1981): In vitro fertilization: the challenge of eighties. Fertil. Steril. 36:699.

8) Filicori M. (1996): Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs in ovulation induction: Current status and perspectives J. of Clinical Endocrin. & Metab. 81 (7) : 2413 - 2416.

9) Commenges - Ducos M., Tricaud S., et al (1998): Modeling of the probability of success of the stages of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: Stimulation, fertilization and implantation. Human Reprod. 13 (1): 78 - 83.

10) Speroff L., Glass R., Kase N., (1989): In vitro fertilization in clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility, ed. Speroff L., Glass R., Kase N., Williams and Wilkins Bultimore, London., P. 611 - 619.

11) Aboulghar M. A., Mnsour R T., Serour G. T., Amin Y. M., (1994): The prognostic value of successful in vitro fertilization on subsequent trials. Human Reprod. 9 : 1932 - 1934.

12) Diedrich K., Van der Ven H., Al-Hasani S., and Krebs D. (1988): Ovarian Stimulation for in-vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 3:39 - 44.

13) Howles C. M., Loumaya E., Giroud D. and Luyet G. (1994): Multiple Follicular development and ovarian steroidogenesis following subcutaneous administration of a highly purified urinary FSA preparation in pituitary desensitized women undergoing I VF. : a multicentre European phase III study. Human Reprod. 9: 424 - 430.

14) Wikland M., Hamberger L., Enk. L., and Nilsson L, (1988): Sonographic techniques in human IVF. Programmes. Hum. Reprod. 3 (2): 65 - 68.

15) Devroey P., Ubaladi F., Smitz J., and Van Steirteghem (1994): Recombinant FSH. Assist. Reprod. Rev. 4:2-9.

16) Smitz J., Ron-EL, R., and Tarlatzis B. C., (1992): The use of GnRH-a for IVF and other assisted procreation techniques: experience from three centres. Hum. Reprod. 7(1): 49 - 66.

17) Tarlatzis. B.C., Grimbizis. G., and Pournaropoulos F. (1994): Prospective evaluation of the short and long GnRH - analogue protocols in ovarian stimulation for IVF/ET. In: Perspectives in Assisted Reprod. eds/ Mori T., Aono .T., Tominaga .T., and Hiroi M., Ares Serono Publications. Rome. P. 415 - 421.

18) Laufer N., Tarlatzis. B. C., and Naftolin F., (1984): In vitro fertilization: State of the art. Semin. Reprod. Endocrinol. 2:197 - 219.

19) Fritz M. A., and Speroff L. (1982): The endocrinology of the menstrual cycle: the interaction of folliculogenesis and neuroendocrine mechanisms. Fertil. Steril. 38: 509.

20) McNatty K. P., Smith P., Hudson N. L., et al (1992): Follicular development and steroidogenesis in local regulation of ovarian function - eds / Sjobery N. O., Gamberger L., Janson P. O, Owman C., and Benniak C., the Parthenon Publishing Group, UK. P. 21 - 38.

21) Schmidt CL (1984): Enhanced follicular development with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin in: Human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. eds / Wolf D. P., and Quigley M. M. New York Plenum Press, P. 81.

22) Hardy R. I., and Fox J, (1995): Infertility treatment in: Kistner’s Gynecology eds Ryan K., Berkowitz R. S. and Barbieri R., Mosby Co. St. Louis, Baltimore P. 305 - 330.

23) Ernst S., Hite G, Cantrell J. S., Richardson A., and Benson H.D, (1976): Stereo chemistry of geometric isomers of clomiphene: a correction of the literature and a reexamination of structure-activity relationships. J. Pharm. Sci. 65 : 148.

24) Geier A, et al. (1987) Estrogen receptor binding material in blood of patients after clomiphene citrate administration: determination by a radioreceptor assay. Fertil Steril. 47:778-84.

25) Mikkelson TJ, et al. (1984): Preliminary report of the disposition of clomiphene in healthy human subjects. Fertil Steril. 41:935 (abstract).

26) Mikkelson TJ, Kroboth PD, Cameron WJ, et al. (1986): Single dose pharmacokinetics of clomiphene citrate in normal volunteers. Fertil Steril 1986;46:392-6.

27) Glasier AF, Irvine DS, Wickings EF, et al (1989: A comparison of the effects of follicular development between clomiphene citrate, its two separate isomers and spontaneous cycles. Hum Reprod. 4:252-6.

28) Bateman BG, Kolp LA, Nunley WC, et al. (1992): Subclinical pregnancy loss in clomiphene citrate-treated women. Fertil. Steril. 57:25-7.

29) Shoham Z. (1990): Hormonal profiles following clomiphene citrate therapy in conception and non conception cycles. Clin Endocrinol. 33:271-8.

30) Balen AH, Tan S-L, Jacobs HS. (1993): Hypersecretion of luteinsing hormone: a significant cause of infertility and miscarriage. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 100:1082-9.

31) Balen AH, Tan S-L, Macdougall J, Jacobs HS. (1993): Miscarriage rates following in vitro fertilization are increased in women with polycystic ovaries and reduced by pituitary desensitization with buserelin. Hum Reprod. 8:959-64.

32) Homburg R, Levy T, Berkowitz D, et al. (1993): Gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist reduces the miscarriage rate for pregnancies achieved in women with polycystic ovaries. Fertil Steril. 59:527-31.

33) Randall JM, Templeton A. (1991): The effects of clomiphene citrate upon ovulation and endocrinology when administered to patients with unexplained infertility. Hum Reprod. 6:659-64.

34) Birkenfeld A, Beier-Hellwig K, Navot D, et al. (1986): Advanced secretary changes in the proliferative human endometrial epithelium following clomiphene citrate treatment. Fertil Steril. 45:462-8.

35) Cohen J, Mayaux M-J, Guihard-Moscato M-L, Schwartz D. (1986): In vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer: a collaborative study of 1,163 pregnancies on the incidence and risk factors of ectopic pregnancies. Hum Reprod. 1:255-8.

36) Harrison K, Molloy D, Doody M, Breen T. (1993): Clomiphene citrate and pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod. 8:981.

37) Adashi E. (1993): Clomiphene citrate: the coming of a monoisomeric preparation. Bailliere’s Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 7:331-48.

38) Saunders DM, et al. (1992): Increased pregnancy failure rates after clomiphene following assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod. 1:1154-8.

39) Corson SL, Batzer FR. (1986) An association between clomiphene citrate and ectopic pregnancy letter). Fertil Steril. 45:307-8.

40) Grab D, Wolf A, Kunzel H, Sterzik K. (1992): Use of clomiphene is not risk factor for ectopic pregnancy. Zentralbl Gynakol. 114:289-91.

41) Gonen Y, Casper RF. (1990): Sonographic determination of a possible adverse effect of clomiphene citrate on endometrial growth. Hum Reprod. 5:670-4.

42) Whitelaw M. J. et al. (1970): The significance of the high ovulation rate versus the low pregnancy rate with Clomid. Am. J. Obst. Gyn. 107:865-77.

43) Quigley M. M, Berkowitz AS., Gilbert SA., and Wolf DP (1983) clomiphene citrate in an in vitro fertilization program; hormonal comparisons between 50 and 150 mg. daily dosages. Fertil. Steril. 41:809.

44) Testart J, Frydman F, De Mouzan J., Lassalle B., and Belaisch J.C., (1983): A study of factors affecting the success of human fertilization in vitro: influence of ovarian stimulation upon the number and condition of oocytes collected. Biol. Reprod. 15:415.

45) Benadiva CA., Davis O., Kligman I., Liu H.C., and Rosenwaks Z (1995): Clomiphene citrate and hMG: an alternative stimulation protocol for selected failed in vitro fertilization patients. Fertil. Steril. 49:997:1001.

46) Ingerslev H. J., Hojgaard A., Hindkjaer J., Leth M., and Clausen I. (1998): An open randomized study of IVF. in natural cycles or with clomiphene citrate in younger patients with selected diagnoses. Paper presented in the 14th Annual meeting of the ESHRE, Goteborg 1998 and published in Human Reproduction, Vol. 13, P 50.

47) Yoshimura Y, Hosoi Y, Atlas SJ, et al. (1998): Effect of the exposure of intrafollicular oocytes to clomiphene citrate on pregnancy outcome in the rabbit. Fertil Steril. 50:153-8.

48) Laufer N, Pratt BM, DeCherney AH, et al. (1983): The in-vivo and in-vitro effects of clomiphene citrate on ovulation, fertilization and development of cultured mouse oocytes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 147:633-9.

49) Oelsner G, et al. (1987): Letter to the Editor. N Engl J Med. 316:318.

50) Wramsby H, Fredga K, Liedholm P. (1987): Chromosome analysis of human oocytes recovered from preovulatory follicles in stimulated cycles. N Engl J Med. 316:120-4.

51) Greenblatt RB. (1968): Experimental studies using clomiphene citrate. In: Behrman SJ, Kistner RW, eds. Progress in infertility. Boston: Little Brown. 455-66.

52) Kistner RW. (1968): Induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate. In: Behrman SJ, Kistner RW, eds. Progress in infertility. Boston: Little Brown. 407-53.

53) Hamilton-Fairley D, Kiddy D, Watson H, et al. (1991): Low-dose gonadotropin therapy for induction of ovulation in 100 women with PCOS. Hum Reprod. 6:1095-9.

54) Rust LA, et al. (1974): An individualized graduated therapeutic regimen for clomiphene citrate. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 120:785-90.

55) Lunenfeld B., and Insler V. (1993): Diagnosis and treatment of functional infertility. 3rd ed. eds/ Lunenfeld B and Insler V., Blackwell Wissenschaft, Chapter 5.

56) Morgon H, Paredes RA, Lachelin GCL. (1983): Severe ovarian hyperstimulation after clomiphene citrate in a hypothyroid patient. Case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 90:977-87.

57) Chow KK, Choo HT. (1984): OHSS with clomiphene citrate. Case report. Br . J. Obstet Gynaecol. 91:1051-2.

58) Bider D, Goldenberg M, Ben-Rafael Z, Oelsner G. (1991): Bilateral adnexal torsion after clomiphene citrate therapy; case report. Hum Reprod. 6:1443-4.

59) World Health Organization. (1973): Agents Stimulating Gonadal Function in the Human. Technical Report Series No. 153. Geneva: World Health Organization. 15.

60) Hull MGR, et al. (1979): Investigation and treatment of amenorrhoea resulting in normal fertility. Br Med J. 1: 1257-61.

61) Rossing MA, Daling JR, Weiss NS, et al. (1994): Ovarian tumours in a cohort of infertile women. N Engl J Med. 331:771-6.

62) Jones HW Jr, Jones GS, Andrews MC, et al. (1982): The program for in vitro fertilization at Norfolk. Fertil Steril. 38:14.

63) Garcia JE, Jones GS, Acosta AA, Wright G. (1983): Human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin follicular maturation for oocyte aspiration: Phase I, Fertil Steril. 39:167.

64) Garcia JE, Jones GS, Acosta AA, Wright G. (1983): Human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin follicular maturation for oocyte aspiration; Phase I, 1981. Fertil Steril. 39:174.

65) Laufer N, DeCherney AH, Haseltine FP, et al. (1983): The use of high-dose human menopausal gonadotropin in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertil Steril. 40:734.

66) Quigley MM, Schmidt CL, Beauchamp PJ, Pace-Owens S, and Wolf DP. (1984): Menopausal gonadotropins compared with clomiphene citrate for enhanced follicular recruitment in an in vitro fertilization program (Abstr). Fertil Steril. 41:425.

67) Quigley MM, Schmidt CL, Beauchamp PJ, et al (1984): Enhanced follicular recruitment in an in vitro fertilization program: clomiphene alone versus a clomiphene human menopausal gonadotropin combination. Fertil Steril 1984;42:25.

68) Lopata A. (1983): Concepts in human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Fertil Steril. 40:289.

69) Vargyas JM, Saito H, Gibbons WE, et al (1983): Effect of different methods of ovarian stimulation on the human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer procedure. Fertil Steril. 39:438.

70) Mandelbaum J, Plachot M, Cohen J, Junca A-M, Debache C. (1983): The use of Clomid and hMG in human in vitro fertilization: consequences for egg quality and luteal phase adequacy. In: Beier HM, Lindner HR, eds. Fertilization of the human egg in vitro. Berlin: Springer-verlag, p 123.

71) Quigley MM, Schmidt CL, Beauchamp PJ, Maklad NF, et al (1985): Preliminary experience with a combination of clomiphene and variable dosages of menopausal gonadotropins for enhanced follicular recruitment. J In Vitro Fertil Emb Trans.

72) Shulman A., Ghetler Y., Fejgin M., Keneti H., et al (1995): Relationship between the threshold of ovarian sensitivity to human menopausal gonadotropin stimulation and in-vitro fertilization treatment outcome. Human Reprod. 10(12):3198-201.

73) Neveu S., Hedon B., Bringer J., Chinchole J. M., Arnal F., et al (1987): Ovarian Stimulation by a combination of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and gonadotropins for in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 47:639.

74) Buckett W. M., Luckas M. J., and Kingsland CR., (1997): Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues and their role in imfertility. J. Middle East Fertil. Soc. 2(1): 1-10.

75) Counis R. (1998): Structure-Function relationship of GnRH and its receptor. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting. Gotebory. June 21-24. 1998 ESHRE (Human Reproduction). Vol. 13, Abst. Book I.

76) Baby Y, Matsuo H, Schally AV (1971): Structure of the porcine LH- and FSH- releasing hormone. II. Confirmation of the proposed structure by conventional sequential analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 44: 459-463.

77) Schally AV, Comaru-Schally AM. (1987): Use of luteinizing hormone-releasing analogues in the treatment of hormone dependent tumors. Seminars Reprod Endocrinology. 5: 389-397.

78) Rabin D, and McNeil LW. (1980): Pituitary and gonadal desensitization after continuous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone infusion in normal females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 51:873-876.

79) Meldrum DR, Chang RJ, Lu J, Vale W, Rivier, J, Judd HL. (1982): Medical oophorectomy using a long acting GnRH agonist- a possible new approach to the treatment of endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 54:1081-1083.

80) Fleming R, Adam AH, Barlow DH, Black WP, McNaughton MC, Coutts JRT. (1982): A new systematic treatment for infertile women with abnormal hormone profiles. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 89: 80-83.

81) Porter RN, Smith W, Craft I. (1984): Induction of ovulation for in vitro fertilization using buserelin and gonadotropins. Lancet. 2:1284.

82) Gordon K, and Hodgen GD, (1991): GnRH analogues in ovarian stimulation. Ann NY Acad Sci. 626: 238-249.

83) Abdalla HI, Ahuja KK, Leonard T, Morris NN, et al (1990): Comparative trial of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue/hMG and clomiphene citrate/hMG in an assisted conception program. Fertil Steril. 53:473-478.

84) Gonen Y, Balakier H, Powell W, Caspar T. (1990): Use of gonadotropin releasing hormone to trigger follicular maturation for in vitro fertilization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 71:918-922.

85) Matsuo H, Baba Y, Nair RMG, Arimura A, Schally AV. (1971): Structure of the porcine LH- and FSH-releasing hormone. I. The proposed amino-acid sequence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 43: 1334-1339.

86) Primstone B, Epstein S, Hamilton SM, LeRoith D, Hendricks S. (1977): Metabolic clearance and plasma half disappearance time of exogenous gonadotropin releasing hormone in normal subjects and in patients with liver disease and chronic renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 44: 356-360.

87) Knobil E. (1980): The neuroendocrine control of the menstrual cycle. Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 36: 53-88.

88) Sandow J, Fraser HM, Seidal H. (1987): Buserelin: pharmacokinetics, metabolism and mechanisms of action. Br J Clin Pract. 41 (Suppl. 48): 65-135.

89) Hodgen GD. (1990): Uses of GnRH analogues in IVF/GIFT. Contemp Obstet Gynecol. 35:10-24.

90) Werlin HB, and Hodgen GD. (1983): Gonadotropin hormone releasing agonist suppresses ovulation, menses, and endometriosis in monkeys: an individualized intermittent regimen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 56: 844-848.

91) Hodgen GD. (1987): On the management of orchids by gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist therapy. Fertil Steril. 48:914.

92) Parinaud J, Beaur A, Bourreau E, Vieitez G, Pontonnier G. (1988): Effect of a luteinizing hormone releasing agonist (Buserlin) on steroidogenesis of cultured human pre-ovulatory granulosa cells. Fertil Steril. 50:597-602.

93) Fraser HM, Yorkston CE, Sandow J. (1987): The biological evaluation of LHRH agonists (Buserelin) implants in the female stumptailed macaque. Br J Clin Pract. 41 (Suppl. 48): 145-215.

94) Raja F., Casan E. M., Krussel J. S., Wen Y, and Polan M. L. (1998): The role of gonadotropin releasing hormone in murine pre-implantation embryonic development. Paper presented in the 4th annual meeting of ESHRE. Goteborg. June 21-24 Human Reprod. Vol. 13 Abst. Book I.

95) Muasher S. J. (1992): Use of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization. Clinical therapeutics, Vol. 14 Suppl. A. P. 74-83.

96) Raifer J, Handelsman DJ, Crum A. (1986): Comparison of the efficacy of subcutaneous and nasal spray buserelin treatment in suppression of testicular steroidogenesis in men with prostate cancer. Fertil Steril. 46: 104-110.

97) Furr BJA. (1987): Pharmacological studies with Zoladex, a novel luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue. In: Chishol GD, editor. Zoladex - a new treatment for prostatic cancer. London: RSM Services Ltd., 1-15.

98) Matta WH, Shaw RW, Burford GD. (1988): Endocrinologic and clinical evaluation following a single administration of a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (Zoladex) in a depot formulation to premenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 49: 164-165.

99) Devreker F, Govaerts I, Bertrand E. (1996): The long-acting gonadotropin-hormone analogues impair implantation rate. Fertil Steril. 65: 122-126.

100) Smitz J, Ron-El R, Tarlatzis BC. (1992): The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for in-vitro fertilization and other assisted procreation techniques: experience from three centres. Hum Reprod. 7:49-66.

101) Gonen Y, Dirnfeld M, Goldman S, Koifman M, Abramovici H. (1991): The use of long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a; Decapeptyl) and gonadotropins versus short-acting GnRH-a (Buserelin) and gonadotropins before and during ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization (IVF). J In-Vitro Fert Embryo Transfer. 8:254-259.

102) Sandow J, and Donnez J. (1989): Clinical pharmacokinetics of LHRH analogues. In: The present place of LHRH analogues in gynaecology. Lancaster: Partheonon Publishing.

103) Beral V, Doyle P, Tan SL, Mason BA, Campbell S. (1990): Outcome of pregnancies resulting from assisted conception. Br Med Bull. 46: 753-768.

104) Smitz J, Decroey P, Braekmans P, Camus M, et al (1987): Management of failed cycles in an IVF/GIFT programme with a combination of GnRH analogue and hMG. Hum Reprod. 2: 309-314.

105) Zorn JR, Barata M, Brami C, Epelboin S, et al (1988): Ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization combining administration of gonadotropins and blockade of the pituitary with D-trp-LHRH microcapsules: pilot studies with two protocols. Hum Reprod. 3: 235-239.

106) Meldrum DR, Wisot A, Hamilton F. (1988): Timing of initiation and dose schedule of leuprolide influence the time course of ovarian suppression. Fertil Steril. 50: 400-402.

107) Stanger JD, and Yovich JL. (1985): Reduced in vitro fertilization of human oocytes from patients with raised basal luteinizing hormone levels during the follicular phase. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 92: 385-393.

108) Punnonen R, Ashorn R, Vilja P, Heinonen PK, et al (1988): Spontaneous luteinzing hormone surge and cleavage of in-vitro fertilized embryos. Fertility and Sterility. 49: 479-482.

109) MacLachlan V, Basanko M, O’Shea F, Wade H, et al (1989): A controlled study of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (Buserelin) for the induction of folliculogenesis before in vitro fertilization. New Engl J Med. 320: 1233 - 1238.

110) Neveu S, Hedon B, Bringer J. (1987): Ovarian stimulation by combination of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist and gonadotropins for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 47: 639-643.

111) Shaw RW, Ndukwe G, Imoedemhe DAG. (1985): Twin pregnancy after pituitary desensitization with LHRH agonist and pure FSH. Lancet. 2: 506.

112) Barriere P, Lopes P, Boiffard JP, Pousett C, et al (1987): Charbonnel B. Use of GnRH analogues in ovulation induction for in vitro fertilization: benefit of a short administration regimen. J In Vitro Fert Embryo Transfer. 4: 64-65.

113) Macnamee MC, Howles CM, Edwards RG, et al (1989): Short term luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist treatment: prospective trial of a novel ovarian stimulation regimen for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 52: 264-269.

114) Remohi J, and Pellicer A. (1993): Use of GnRH analogs in IVF. In: Asch RH, Studd JWW, editors. Annual Progress in Reproductive Medicine. Lancaster: Parthenon Publishing. 107-125.

115) Jacobs HS, and Porter RN, Eshel A. (1987): Profertility uses of LHRH agonist analogues. In: Vickery BH, Nector JJ, editors. LHRH and its analogues: contraception and therapeutic application II. Lancaster: MYP Press. 303-319.

116) Rutherford AJ, Subak-Sharpe RJ, Dawson KJ, et al (1988): Improvement of in vitro fertilisation after treatment with buserelin, an agonist of luteinising hormone releasing hormone. Br Med J. 296: 1765-1768.

117) Howles CM, Macnamee MC, and Edwards RG. (1987): Short term use of LHRH agonist to treat poor responders entering an in vitro fertilization (IVF) programme. Hum Reprod. 2: 655-656.

118) Frydman R, Belaisch-Allart J, and Parneix I. (1988): Comparison between flare-up and down regulation effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists in an in vitro fertilisation program. Fertil Steril. 50: 471-475.

119) Martinez F, Barri PN, and Cololfu C. (1988): Accidental GnRH agonist administration during early pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 3: 669.

120) Howles C. (1990): GnRH analogues, past present and future uses in superovulation regimens. In: Matson PL, Lieberman BA, editors. Clinical IVF Forum: current views in assisted reproduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 41-62.

121) Zorn JR, Boyer P, and Guichard A. (1987): Never on a Sunday: programming for IVF-ET and GIFT. Lancet. 1: 385-386.

122) Tan S-L, Kingsland CR, Campbell S, Mills C, et al (1992): The long protocol of administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist is superior to the short protocol for ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 57: 810-814.

123) Filicori M, Flamigni C, Cognigni GE, Falbo A, et al (1996): Different gonadotropin and leuprorelin ovulation induction regimens markedly affect follicular fluid hormone levels and folliculogenesis. Fertil Steril. 65: 387-393.

124) Sharma V, Williams J, Collins, W, Riddle A, et al (1988): The sequential use of a Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LH-RH) agonist and human menopausal gonadotropins to stimulate folliculogenesis in women with resistant ovaries. J In Vitro fert Embryo Transfer. 5: 38-42.

125) Ron-El R, Herman A, Golan A, Soffer Y, et al (1992): Ultrashort gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) protocol in comparison with the long acting GnRH-a protocol and metropin alone. Fertil Steril. 58: 1164-1168.

126) Jelley R, and Magill PJ. (1986): The effect of LHRH agonist therapy in the treatment of endometriosis (English experience). Progress Clin Biol Res. 225:227-238.

127) Ashkenazi J, Goldman JA, Dicker D, Feldberg D, Goldman GA. (1990): Adverse neurological symptoms after gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapy for in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil Steril. 53: 738-740.

128) Sampaio M, Serra V, Miro F, Calatayud C, Castelli RM, Pellecer A. (1991): Development of ovarian cysts during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) administration. Hum Reprod. 6: 194-197.

129) Feldberg D, Ashkenazi J, Dicker D, Yashaya A, et al (1989): Ovarian cyst formation: a complication of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy. Fertil Steril. 51: 42-45.

130) Kingsland CR, Tan S-L, and Bickerton N. (1990): Prevalence of multiple pregnancy associated with the use of GnRH analog in IVF. Ass Reprod Technol Androl. 1:76-80.

131) Ron-El R, Herman A, Golam A, Nachum H, Soffer Y, Caspi E. (1991): Gonadotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-gonadotropins protocols in a randomized prospective study. Fertil Steril. 55: 574-578.

132) Schenker JG, and Ezra DM. (1994): Complications of assisted reproduction techniques. Fertil Steril. 61: 411-422.

133) Barlow D. In vitro fertilization (letter). Br Med J. 297: 201.

134) Rizk B, and Smitz J. (1992): Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome after superovulation using GnRH agonists for IVF and related procedures. Hum Reprod. 7: 320-327.

135) Corenblum B, and Weisman D. (1985): Ovarian hyperstimulation with exogenous pulsatile intravenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy. J Ultrasound Med. 4: 405.

136) Rizk B. (1994): Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. In: Studd J, editor. Progress in Obsterics and Gynaecology 11. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 311-349.

137) Forman RG, Frydman R, Egan D, Ross C, Barlow DH. (1990): Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome using agonists of gonadotropin releasing hormone for in vitro fertilization: a European series and a proposal for prevention. Fertilization: a European series and a proposal for prevention. Fertil Steril. 53: 502-509.

138) Itskovitz J, Boldes R, and Levron J. (1991): Induction of preovulatory surge luteinizing hormone surge and prevention of hyperstimulation syndrome by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Fertil Steril. 56: 213-220.

139) Balasch J, Tur R, Creus M, Buxaderes R, et al (1994): Triggering of ovulation by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in gonadotropin-stimulated cycles for prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and multiple pregnancy. Gynecol Endocrinol. 8: 7-12.

140) Akaike M, Takayama K, Ohno H, and Kobayashi T. (1987): Teratogenicity study of subcutaneously administered buserelin acetate in mice. Pharmacometrics. 33: 631-640.

141) Akaike M, Kakayama K, Ohno H, Kobayashi T. (1987): Teratogenecity study of subcutaneously administered buserelin acetate in rabbits. Pharmacometrics. 33: 641-646.

142) Isherwood PJ, Ibrahim ZMZ, Matson PL, Maroll DR, et al (1990): Endocrine changes in women conceiving during treatment with an LHRH agonist. Hum Reprod. 5: 409-412.

143) Martinez F., Barri P.N, and Corolfu C., (1988): Accidental GnRH agonist administration during early pregnancy. Hum. Reprod. 3:669.

144) Gonen Y, Dirnfield M, Abramovici H. (1993): Outcome of pregnancies inadvertently exposed to gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRH-a) in early gestation. J Assisted Reprod Genet. 10: 437-439.

145) Bramley TA, Menzies GS, Baird DT. (1985): Specific binding of gonadotropin-hormone releasing and an agonist to human corpus luteum homogenates: characterization, properties, and luteal phase levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 61: 834-841.

146) Kang IS, Keuhl TJ, Siler-Khodr TM. (1989): Effect of treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues on pregnancy outcome in the baboon. Fertil Steril. 52: 846-853.

147) Loumaye E, Coen G, Pamfer S, Vankrieken L, Thomas K. (1989): Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist during ovarian stimulation leads to significant concentrations of peptide in follicular fluids. Fertil Steril. 52: 256-263.

148) Van der Meer S, Gerris J, Joostens M, Tas B. (1993): Triggering of ovulation using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist does not prevent OHSS - Hum. Reprod. 8: 1628-1631.

149) Corson SL, Batzer FR, Gocial B, Maislin G. (1993): The luteal phase after ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropin and one versus two doses of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Fertil Steril. 59: 1251-1256.

150) Balasch J., Tur. R., Creus M, et al (1994): Triggering of ovulation by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in gonadotrophin -stimulated cycles for prevention of OHSS and multiple pregnancy gynecol. Endocrinol. 8: 7-12.

151) Davies DW, Jenkins JM, Anthony FW, Gadd SC, et al (1991): Biochemical monitoring during hormone replacement therapy cycles for transfer of cryopreserved embryos in patients with functional ovaries. Hum Reprod. 6: 934-938.

152) Macrow PJ, Li TC, Seif MW, Buckley CH, Elstein M. (1994): Endometrial structure after superovulation: a prospective controlled study. Fertil Steril. 61: 596-597.

153) Muasher SJ, Oehninger S, Simonetti S et al. (1988): The value of basal and/or stimulated serum gonadotropin levels in prediction of stimulation response and in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertil Steril. 50:298-307.

154) Scott RT, Toner JR, Muasher SJ et al. (1989): Follicle stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3 are predictive of in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertil Steril. 51:651-654.

155) Toner JP, Philput CB, Jones GS, Muasher SJ. (1991): Basal follicle stimulating hormone level is a better predictor of in vitro fertilization performance than age. Fertil Steril. 55:784-789.

156) Droesch K, Muasher SJ, Bryzyski RG et al. (1989): Value of suppression with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist prior to gonadotropin stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 51:292-297.

157) Brzyski RG, Jones GS, Muasher SJ. (1989): Impact of leuprolide acetate on the response to follicular stimulation for in vitro fertilization in patients with normal basal gonadotropin level. J In Vitro Fertil Embryo Transi. 6:290-293.

158) Winslow KL, Toner JP, Brzyski RG et. al (1991): The gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist stimulation test-a sensitive predictor of performance in the flare-up in vitro fertilization cycle. Fertil Steril. 52:1124.

159) Calhaz - Jorge C., Corderio I., Costa AP. (1998); Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of ESHRE - Goteborg, June 21-24. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I.

160) Bendadiva CA., Mastroianni Jr L., Blasco L, et al (1990); Comparison of different regimens of a gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue during ovarian stimulation for IVF. Fertil. Steril. 53: 479-85.

161) Corson SL., Eisenberg E., Batzer F. R. et al (1992); Leuprolide acetate prepared in vitro fertilization - GIFT. Cycles: efficacy versus controls and cost analysis. Fertil. Steril. 57: 601-5.

162) Hofmann GE., Bergh PA., Guzman I. et al (1993): Premature Luteinization is not eliminated by pituitary desensitization with leuprolide acetate in women undergoing gonadotropin stimulation who demonstrated premature luteinization in prior gonadotropin only. Cycle. Hum. Reprod. 8: 965-8.

163) Thanki KH., and Schmidt CL., (1990); Follicular development and oocyte maturation after stimulation with gonadotropins versus leuprolide acetate / gonadotropin during IVF. Fertil. Steril. 54: 656-60.

164) Oehninger S., Brzyski RG., Muasher SJ., Acosts AA., and Jones GS., (1989): In-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in patients with endometriosis; impact of a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist. Human Reprod. 4(5): 541-4.

165) Tapanainen J. S. and Hovatta O. (1993): Pituitary down regulation with goserelin (Zoladex) for IVF. Br. J. OBST. Gynecol. 101 (10): 27-28.

166) Smitz J., Devroey P., Brackemans P. et at. (1987): Management of failed cycles in an IVF/GIFT programme with combination of a GnRH analogue and hMG. Hum Reprod 2. 309-314.

167) Testart J., Lefevre B. & Gougeon A. (1993): Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) on follicle and oocyte quality. Hum Reprod 8. 511-518.

168) Rutherford A. J., Subak-Sharpe R. J., Dawson K. J., Margara R. A., et al. (1988): Improvement of in vitro fertilization after treatment with buserelin, an agonist of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Br Med J 296. 1765-1768.

169) Diedrich K., van der Ven H., Al-Hasani S. & Krebs D. (1988) Ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 3. 39-44.

170) Hughes E. G., Fedorkow D. M., Daya M. B., Sagle M. A., Van del Koppel P. & Collins J. A. (1992). The routine use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists prior to in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril 58, 888-896.

171) Matta W. H., Shaw R. W. & Burford G. D. (1988) Endocrinological and clinical evaluation following a single administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (Zoladex*). in a depot formulation to premenopausal women. Fertil Steril 49. 163-165.

172) Crisp P. & Goa K. L. (1991) Goserelin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical use in sex hormone-related conditions. Drugs 41. 254-288.

173) Raja F., Casan E. M., Remohi J., Simon C., Polan M. L., and Pellicer A. (1998): Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist administered throughout the luteal phase and early pregnancy increases fecundity in IVF-embryo transfer patients. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of ESHRE. Goteborg. June 21-24 Human Reprod. Vol. 13 Abst. book I.

174) Prelevic GM. Ginsburg J. Maletic D. Hardiman P. et al. (1998): The evaluation of a new 7-day gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist protocol in the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 22(2): 133-7.

175) Waldenstrom U. and Nilsson S. (1998): Poor responders respond better - and without LH surge - to ovarian stimulation without GnRH-analogue. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of ESHRE. Goteborg 1998. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I. No.: 124.

176) Kallianidis K., Loutradis D., Drakakis P., Bletsa R. and Michalas S. (1998). Does a lower dose of GnRH-analogues improve the outcome of IVF-embryo transfer in poor responders? Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of ESHRE. Goteborg 1998. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I. No.: 140.

177) Cedrin-Durnerin I., Standing B., Campone C., Herve F. and Hugues J. N. (1998). Desensitization with minidose of GnRH agonist prior to ovulation induction in patients with short follicular phase. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of the ESHRE. Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I. No.: 150.

178) Hugues J.N., Standing B., Galey J., Herve F., Serror R., Campone C. and Cedrin Durnerin I. (1998). Comparative efficacy of high-fixed or step-down dose regimen in poor responders. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of the ESHRE. Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I. No.: 151.

179) Shalabi A., Fedah M., Qahwaji L., Amr L., and Azar E. (1998); Comparison between long acting GnRH analogue and short-acting GnRH analogue in long protocol in IVF-embryo transfer cycles. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of the ESHRE. Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I.

180) Ozgur K., Sonmez C., Kursun S., Uner M. and Erman O. (1998): Comparison between leuprolide acetate and triptorelin for pituitary down-regulation before in-vitro fertilization: a retrospective analysis. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of the ESHRE. Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I. No.: 102.

181) Beckers N. G. M., and Fruser BC (1998): GnRH agonists and corpus luteum function after ovarian hyperstimulation for in-vitro fertilization. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of the ESHRE. Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I. No.: 238.

182) Tsai HD. Chen CM. Lo HY. Chang CC. (1995): Subcutaneous low dose leuprolide acetate depot versus leuprolide acetate for women undergoing ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization. Human Reproduction. 10(11):2909-12.

183) Zullo F., Colacurci N., Perrone D., Gallasso M., Armanek E., and De Placido G. (1992); Improvement of IVF. outcome using long acting GnRH agonists. Human Reprod. 2: 113-114.

184) Filicori M., Flamigni C., Cognigni G., Dellai P., et al. (1993): Comparison of suppressive capacity of different depot gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs in women. J. Of Clinical Endocrinol and Metab. 77: 130-133.

185) Gerris J. De Vits A. Joostens M. Van Royen E. (1995); Triggering of ovulation in human menopausal gonadotropin-stimulated cycles: comparison between intravenously administered gonadotropin-releasing hormone (100 and 500 micrograms), GnRH agonist (buserelin, 500 micrograms) and human chorionic gonadotropin (10,000 IU). Human Reproduction. 10(1): 56-62.

186) Janssens R.M.J., Lambalk C. B., Vermeiden J. P. W., Schats R., Schoemaker J. and Mak S. (1998); Dose finding study of Triptorelin acetate for prevention of premature LH surge: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of the ESHRE. Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I. No.: 99.

187) Keay S. D., Liversedge N.H., Mathur R.S., Hull M.G.R. and Jenkins J.M. (1998): Dexamethasone cotreatment may reduce cycle cancellation for poor ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation prior to IVF. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of the ESHRE. Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I. No.: 41.

188) Yspeert-Gerards M.H., Kroon G.P., de Wolf B.T.H.M., Simons A.H.M. and Heineman M.J. (1998); GnRH-a flare-up protocol in IVF: lower gonadotropin dose and shorter treatment time and still the same pregnancy rate as compared to the GnRH-a long-suppression protocol. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of the ESHRE. Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13, Abst. book I. No. 93.

189) Jan Out H. (1996); Future preparations. Orgyn No. 3 p. 29-31.

190) Lunenfeld B. (1995): Induction of ovulation with gonadotropins: past, present and future. In: Alberda AT, Gan RA, Vemer HM, eds, Pioneers in In Vitro Fertilization. Carnforth, UK: Parthenon Publishing Group. 55-71.

191) Gemzell CA, Diczfalusy E, Tillinger KG. (1958): Clinical effects of human pituitary follicle-stimulation hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 18: 1333-40.

192) Steelman SL, and Pohley FM. (1953): Assay of the follicle-stimulating hormone based on the augmentation with human chorionic gonadotropin. Endocrinology. 53: 604-16.

193) Franks S, Polson DW, Sagle M, Hamilton-Fairley D, White DM. (1994): Low-dose gonadotropin regimens for induction of ovulation. In: Filicori M and Flamigni C, eds. Ovulation Induction: Basic Science and Clinical Advances. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 145-51.

194) Daya S, Gunby J, Hughes EG, Collins JA, Sagle MA. (1995): Follicle-stimulating hormone versus human menopausal gonadotropin for in vitro fertilization cycles: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 1995; 64: 347-54.

195) Out HJ, Mannaerts BMJL, Driessen SGAJ, Coelingh Bennink HJT. (1995): A prospective, randomized, assessor-blind, multicentre study comparing recombinant and urinary follicle-stimulating hormone in in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod. 10: 2534-40.

196) Geurts TBP, Peters MJH, de Boer W, Out HJ. (1996): Puregon - (Org 32489) - recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone. Drugs of today. 32: 239-58.

197) Gougeon A. (1986): Dynamics of follicular growth in the human: a model from preliminary results Hum Reprod. 1: 81-87.

198) Clasier AF, Baird DT, Hillier SG. (1989): FSH and the control of follicular growth. J Steroid Biochem. 32: 167-170.

199) Baker TG. (1982): Oogenesis and ovulation. In: Reproduction in mammals. 2nd Ed. Book 1: Germ cells and fertilization. Austin CR, Short RV (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 17-45.

200) Baird DT. (1987): A model for follicular selection and ovulation: lessons from superovulation. J Steroid Biochem. 27: 15-23.

201) Baird DT, Baker TG, McNatty KP, Neal P. (1975): Relationship between the secretion of the corpus luteum and the length of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. J Reprod Fertil. 45: 611-619.

202) Brown JB. (1978): Pituitary control of ovarian function - concepts derived from gonadotropin therapy. Aust. NZJ Obstet Gynaecol. 18: 46-54.

203) Couzinet B, Lestrat N, Brailly S, Forest M, Schaison G. (1988): Stimulation of ovarian follicular maturation with pure follicle-stimulating hormone in women with gonadotropin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 66: 552-556.

204) Shaw RW, Ndukwe G, Imoedemhe DA, Bernard A, Burford G, Bentick B. (1987): Endocrine changes following pituitary desensitization with LHRH agonist and administration of purified FSH to induce follicular maturation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 94: 682-686.

205) Bentick B, Shaw RW, Iffland CA, Burford G, Bernard A. (1988): A randomized comparative study of purified follicle stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotropin after pituitary desensitization with Buserelin for superovulation and in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 50: 79-84.

206) Shoham Z, Jacobs HS, Insler V. (1993): Luteinizing hormone: its role, mechanism of action, and detrimental effects when hypersecreted during the follicular phase. Fertil Steril. 59: 1153-1161.

207) Daya S. (1995): Follicle-stimulating hormone versus human menopausal gonadotropin for in vitro fertilization: results of meta-analysis. Horm Res. 43: 224-229.

208) Stanger JD, and Yovitch JL. (1985): Reduced in vitro fertilization of human oocytes from patients with raised basal luteinizing hormone levels during the follicular phase. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 92: 385-393.

209) Howles CM, Macnamee MC, Edwards RG. (1987): Follicular development and early luteal function of conception and non-conceptional cycles after human in vitro fertilization: endocrine correlates. Hum Reprod. 2: 17-21.

210) Regan L, Owen EJ, Jacobs HS. (1990): Hypersecretion of luteinising hormone, infertility and miscarriage. Lancet. 336: 1141-1144.

211) Homburg R, Armar NA, Eshel A, Adams J, Jacobs HS. (1988): Influence of serum luteinising hormone concentrations on ovulation, conception and early pregnancy loss in polycystic ovary syndrome. BMJ. 297: 1024-1026.

212) Watson H et al. (1989): Abnormalities of follicular phase LH secretion in women with recruitment early miscarriage. J Endocrinol 1989; 123 (suppl): Abstract 25.

213) Howles CM, Macnamee MC, Edwards RG, Goswamy R, Steptoe PC. Effect of high tonic levels of luteinising hormone on outcome of in vitro fertilisation. Lancet. ii: 521-522.

214) Messinis IE, Templeton AA. (1987): Endocrine and follicle characteristics of cycles with and without endogenous luteinizing hormone surges during superovulation induction with pulsatile follicle-stimulating hormone. Hum Reprod. 2: 11-16.

215) Polson DW, Mason HD, Saldhana MB, Franks S. (1987): Ovulation of a single dominant follicle during treatment with low-dose pulsatile follicle stimulating hormone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 26: 205-212.

216) Anderson RE, Cragun JM, Chang RJ, Stanczyk FZ, Lobo RA. (1989): A pharmacodynamic comparison of human follicle-stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotropin in normal women and polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 52: 216-220.

217) Hughes EG, Fedorkow DM, Daya S, Sagle MA, et al (1992): The routine use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists prior to in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril. 58: 888-896.

218) Hull MGR, Armatage RJ, McDermott A. (1994): Use of follicle-stimulating hormone alone (urofollitropin) to stimulate the ovaries for assisted conception after pituitary desensitization. Fertil Steril. 62: 997-1003.

219) Hull MGR, Joels LA, Prosser CJ, Ashcroft SA. (1995): Experience using preparations of follicle-stimulating hormone alone to stimulate the ovaries for assisted conception after pituitary desensitization and simplified management of treatment. Horm Res. 43: 230-237.

220) Wood C, McMaster R, Rennie G, Trounson A, Leeton J. (1985): Factors influencing pregnancy rates following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Fertil Steril. 43: 245-250.

221) Jones HW Jr, Acosta AA, Andrews MC et al. (1984): Three years of in vitro fertilization at Norfolk. Fertil Steril. 42: 826-834.

222) Scoccia B, Blumenthal P, Wagner C, Prins G, Scommegna A, Marut EL. (1987): Comparison of urinary human follicle-stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotropins for ovarian stimulation in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertil Steril. 48: 446-449.

223) Le Cotonnec J-Y, Porchet HC, Hansson-Bondallaz C, Howles CM. (1993): Comparative pharmacokinetics of two urinary human follicle stimulating hormone preparations in healthy male volunteers. In: FSH alone in ovulation induction. Lunenfeld B (ed). Casterton Hall: Parthenon Publishing. pp 1604-1611.

224) Howles CM, Loumaye E, Giroud D, Luyet G. (1994): Multiple follicular development and ovarian steroidogenesis following subcutaneous administration of a highly purified urinary FSH preparation (Metrodin HP) in pituitary desensitized women undergoing IVF/ET: results of a multicentre European Phase III Study. Human Reprod. 9: 424-430.

225) Howles C. (1993): Reports on adverse reactions, Study 5828. Personal communication. Quoted from Serono Med. Publication. Treatment of Infertility (1995).

226) Li TC. (1993): Adverse local reaction to intramuscular injections of urinary-derived gonadotropins. Human Reprod. 8: 1835-1836.

227) Hughes EG, Fedorkow DM, Day S et al. (1992): The routine use of gonadotropin releasing-hormone agonists prior to IVF and GIFT: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Fertil Steril. 58: 888-896.

228) Homburg R, Levy T, Berkovitz D et al. (1993): Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist reduces the miscarriage rate for pregnancies achieved in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril. 59: 527-531.

229) Bentick B, Shaw RW, Iffland CA, Burford G, Bernard A. (1988): A randomised comparative study of purified FSH and hMG after pituitary desensitization with buserelin for superovulation and IVF. Fertil Steril. 50: 79-84.

230) Frydman R, Forman R, Belaisch-Allart J, Hazout A, Parneix , Testart J. (1988): Comparison between flare-up and down regulation effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertil Steril. 50: 471-475.

231) Tanbo T, Dale PO, Kjekshus E, Haug E, Abyholm T. (1990): Stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropin versus follicle-stimulating hormone after pituitary suppression in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril. 53: 798-830.

232) Peinado JA, and Tresguerres JAF. (1992): New concepts on the role of gonadotropins, FSH and LH and local factors in ovarian stimulation. In: Advancesen reproduction asistida. Remohi, Pellicer, Bonilla (eds). Madrid: Diaz de Santo. Chapter 5, pp 73-85.

233) Fries N, Hedon B, Audibert D. (1990): Randomised study of pure FSH versus hMG in ovarian agonist stimulation (long protocol). Contraception-Fertilite-Sexualite. 18: 670.

234) Edelstein M, Bryzski R, Jones G, Simonetti S, Mausher SJ. (1990): Equivalency of human menopausal gonadotropin and follicle stimulating hormone stimulation after gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist suppression. Fertil Steril. 53: 103-106.

235) Kingman S. (1995); The search for recombinant FSH. Orgyn No. 4 p. 46-49.

236) Robertson W. R., (1998): Biopotency of new recombinant follicle stimulating hormone preparations. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of ESHRE Geteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13 Abst. book I. No.: 34.

237) Combarnous Y., Chabot V., Chopineau-Galmiche M., Galet C. et al. (1998): Structure-function relationships of FSH and its receptors. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of ESHRE Geteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13 Abst. book I. No.: 33.

238) Fisch B. Avrech OM. Pinkas H. Neri A. Rufas O. Ovadia J. Loumaye E. (1995); Superovulation before IVF by recombinant versus urinary human FSH (combined with a long GnRH analog protocol): a comparative study. Journal of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. 12(1):26-31.

239) Hedon B. Out HJ. Hugues JN. et al. (1995): Efficacy and safety of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (Puregon) in infertile women pituitary-suppressed with triptorelin undergoing in-vitro fertilization: a prospective, randomized, assessor-blind, multicentre trial. Human Reprod. 10(12): 3102-6.

240) Strowitzki T. Kentenich H. Kiesel L. Neulen J. Bilger W. (1995); Ovarian stimulation in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer using recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (Gonal-F) in non-down-regulated cycles. Human Reproduction. 10(12):3097-101.

241) Duijkers IJ. Willemsen WN. Hollanders HM. Hamilton CJ. Thomas CM, and Vemer HM. (1997): Follicular fluid hormone concentrations after ovarian stimulation using gonadotropin preparations with different FSH/LH ratios. II. Comparison of hMG and recombinant FSH. International Journal of Fertility and Womens Medicine. 42(6):431-5.

242) Camier B., Howles CM., and Truong F., (1998); A multicentre, prospective, randomized study to compare a low-dose protocol versus conventional administration of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (Gonal-F) in normo-responder women undergoing IVF/ICSI. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. NO.: 58. Paper presented in the 14th Annual meeting of ESHRE Goteborg.

243) Itskovitz-Eldor J. Kol S. Mannaerts B. Coelingh Bennink H. (1998); First established pregnancy after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with recombinant follicle stimulating hormone and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist ganirelix (Org 37462). Human Reproduction. 13(2):294-5.

244) Imoedemhe D., Pacpaco E., Olazo A. and Avilla F. (1998): A randomized comparative study of Metrodin with or without pituitary down-regulation in COH for IVF-embryo transfer. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 187.

245) Frydman R, Avril C., Camier B., Carles F. (1998): A double-blind, randomized study comparing the efficacy of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (rhFSH/Gonal-F) and highly purified urinary FSH (uhFSH HP/Metrodin HP) in inducing superovulation in women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 185.

246) Brinsden P., Akagbosu F., Gibbons L., Lancaster S. (1998): Gonal-F versus Puregon: results of a randomized, assessor-blind, comparative study in women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 140.

247) Horsman G., Talbot J. A., McLoughlin J.D., Lambert A. and Robertson W.R. (1998): A biological immunological and physiochemical comparison of Gonal-F and Puregon. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 14. Abst. book I. No.: 100.

248) Khalaf Y., Taylor A., Pettigrew R., Bradley E., Elkington N. and Braude P. (1998): The relative clinical efficacy of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone and the highly purified urinary FSH preparation. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I

249) Felberbaum R. and Diedrich K. (1998): Clinical application of GnRH agonists in ART. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I.

250) Ludwig M., Felberbaum R., Albano C., Smitz J. (1998): Plasma and follicular fluid concentrations of GNRH antagonist Cetrorelix after multiple application of different doses for the hormonal stimulation in IVF. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 76.

251) Schill T., Felberbaum R., Al-Hasani S., Bals-Pratsch M. and Diedrich K. (1998): Controlled ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins, GnRH antagonist and GnRH agonist in patients with IVF and ICSI after TESE. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 115.

252) Ortmann O., Oltmanns K., Weiss J. M., Felberbaum R., Polack S. and Diedrich K. (1998): Effects of the GnRH antagonist Cetrorelix on steroidogenesis in human granulosa lutein cells. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 252.

253) Olivennes F., Alvarez S., Bouchard P., Fanchin R., Salat-Baroux J. and Frydman R. (1998): The use of a GnRH antagonist (Cetrorelix) in a single-dose protocol in IVF-embryo transfer: a dose-finding study of 3 versus 2 mg. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 139.

254) de Jong D. Macklon NS. Mannaerts BM. Coelingh Bennink HJ. Fauser BC. (1998): High dose gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (ganirelix) may prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome caused by ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization. Human Reproduction. 13(3): 573-5.

255) Dittrich R., Vejvoda A., Siebzehnrubl E., Hammel A., Licht P. and Wildt L. (1998): Serum progesterone concentrations after administration of vaginal suppositories during GnRH-analogue treatment. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 97.

256) Levy T., Gurevitz S., Ashkenazi J., Feldberg D. (1998): Pharmacokinetics of natural progesterone administered by vaginal tablets. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 232.

257) Jinno M. Yoshimura Y. Ubukata Y. Nakamura Y. (1996): A novel method of ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: bromocriptine-rebound method. Fertility & Sterility. 66(2) 271-4.

258) Lass A., Peat D., Avery S. and Brinsden P. (1998): O-186. Histological evaluation of endometrium on the day of oocyte retrieval after GnRHa/FSH superovulation for IVF. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 14. Abst. book I. No.: 186.

259) Isaacs JD Jr. Wells CS. Williams DB. Odem RR. Gast MJ. Strickler RC. (1996): Endometrial thickness is a valid monitoring parameter in cycles of ovulation induction with menotropins alone. Fertility & Sterility. 65(2): 262-6.

260) Gonen Y., Casper R., Jacobson W., and Blankier J. (1989): Endometrial thickness and growth during ovarian stimulation; a possible prediction of implantation in in vitro fertilization. Fert. Steril. 52(3): 446-450.

261) Beneventi F. Sampaolo P. Polatti F. Filoni GM. Masanti ML. Persiani P. Zara C. (1995): Ultrasonography endometrial patterns in different hormonal treatments to induce ovulation. Radiologia Medica. 90(3):278-83.

262) Dada T and Sharma V. (1998): Colour flow Doppler - a potential role in monitoring pituitary desensitization. Paper presented in the 14th annual meeting of ESHRE. Human Reprod. Vo. 13 ABST. Book I. No.: 110.

263) Schild R. L., Indefrei D., van der Vondel P., van der Ven H. and Hansmann M. (1998); 3D ultrasound and colour Doppler in assisted reproduction cycles with IVF. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 114.

264) Lewin A., Benjamin I., Nadjari, Yanai N., et al. (1998): The predictive value of follicular Doppler flow resistance index and serum and follicular fluid concentrations of IGF-I and VEGF for the outcome of IVF. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No.: 142.

265) Khalifa EE, (1998): Transvaginal ultrasound ovarian morphology: can it predict poor ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation in IVF? Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. No. 76.

266) Phelps J. Y., Levine A. S., Hickman T.N., and Zacm H. A. (1998): Day 4 estradiol levels predict pregnancy success in women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF. Fertil. Steril. 69(6): 1015-19.

267) Serour G.I., Aboulghar M., Mansour R., Sattar A., Amin Y. and Aboulghar H. (1998); Complications of medically assisted conception in 3500 cycles. Paper presented in the 14th Annual Meeting of ESHRE-Goteborg. Human Reprod. Vol. 13. Abst. book I. Abst. No. 156.